DEFENCE STUDIES

Chapter 5
Science, Technology and National Security
Std : X

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Q.1. Search for Information on Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan discuss this achievement in the classroom

Ans: Information about Mangalyaan and Chandrayaan |

Mangalyaan, (official name – Mars Orbiter Mission, English: ), is India's first Mars mission. This is India's first interplanetary mission. In fact, it is an ambitious space project of the Indian Space Research Organization. Under this project, a Mars orbiting satellite was successfully launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) C-25 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh on 5 November 2013 at 2:38 PM.

With this, India has now also joined the list of countries that have sent their spacecraft to Mars. Although several missions to Mars have failed so far, India became the first country in the world to succeed in its first attempt after reaching Mars on 24 September 2014 and became the fourth country in the world after Soviet Russia, NASA and the European Space Agency. It is also the cheapest mission sent to Mars. India became the first country in Asia to do so. Because earlier China and Japan had failed in their Mars missions.

In fact, it is a technology demonstration project aimed at developing the design, planning, management and execution of interplanetary space missions. The orbiter will continue to orbit Mars with its five instruments and collect data to achieve scientific objectives. The spacecraft is currently being monitored by the Indian Deep Space Network antenna from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Spacecraft Control Center in Bangalore. The total cost of the Mangalyaan mission is 450 crores.

Mangalyaan was launched from Sriharikota in the state of Andhra Pradesh towards Mars from the Satish Dhawan Space Center on November 5, 2013. PSLV C-25 missile was used for this purpose. The spacecraft remained in Earth orbit for approximately 25 days, and on November 5, 2013, the spacecraft exited Earth orbit towards Mars and entered Mars orbit on September 24, 2014.

Five experimental payloads of 15 kg each were sent in this mission.

Methane sensor – The methane sensor that will be sent to Mars will weigh 3.59 kg. This sensor is capable of scanning the entire Mars within six minutes.
Another instrument is the thermal infrared spectrometer. Its weight is four kilos. It will work to observe the surface of Mars.
Mars Color Camera is another device weighing 1.4 kg.
The Lamen Alpha Photometer weighs 1.5 kg. The instrument will be tasked with detecting molecular hydrogen in the Martian atmosphere

Chandrayaan

Chandrayaan 1 is the Indian Space Research Organization's (ISRO) spacecraft carrying the first stage of the lunar mission.
Chandrayaan 1 is an unmanned spacecraft that consists of two parts, one for orbiting the moon and one for landing on the moon.
Chandrayaan was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota on 22 October 2008 by the Advanced Generation Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C11) launch vehicle.
The spacecraft was successfully launched into lunar orbit on November 8, 2008. On November 14, 2008, at 8:06 PM, the Moon Impact Probe attached to the spacecraft was successfully detached. After a journey of about 25 minutes, the probe hit the 'Shackleton Crater' near the south pole of the Moon.
As the Indian flag is hoisted on all four sides of this cubic probe, symbolically the Indian flag has reached the moon and India has become the fourth country in the world to achieve this.
The mass of this remote sensing spacecraft was 1130 kg at launch and 675 kg when it reached lunar orbit.
The spacecraft carries telemetry instruments for high-resolution visual and infrared light as well as X-rays.
The mission of this spacecraft is two years and during this period it is expected to survey the surface of the moon and create a complete chemical map of it as well as create a three-dimensional (3D) map of the lunar structure. The polar regions of the Moon are given more importance, as there is a possibility of ice.
The total cost of this campaign is approximately Rs 386 crore.
There were five payloads of ISRO and six payloads of other space agencies in this mission. These include NASA, ISA and the Bulgarian Space Agency. The equipment of these space agencies is being transported in non-dimensional form.

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Q.2. What is GPS? What are its uses?

Ans:- What exactly is GPS? – What is GPS?

The full form of GPS is Global Positioning System. And the GPS system is a satellite system that shows the direction of the whole world, this GPS system provides the information and time of any place on earth to the GPS receiver. And using this system we can travel on any roads on earth. Pretty much any roads and the distance between those roads.

History of GPS – The defense forces installed it in 1960s for their border guards so that they could monitor and track enemy locations, but the technology was opened up to everyone in the world in 1995 and the system was made available to everyone. So today we see this system in everyone's mobile.

How does GPS work? How does GPS work?

GPS is a network of 30 satellites located 20,000 kilometers from our Earth's surface. And it moves around in the earth's orbit. When we turn on the mobile GPS, 4 satellites check our location, and periodically these four satellites transmit our location and time information through signals, the speed of which is transmitted at the speed of light. And your mobile works as a receiver at this time. So we get the correct location information.

Uses of GPS – Uses of GPS

GPS system basically helps us to know our location.

GPS system basically helps us to get correct time information.

GPS system basically helps to move from one place to another.

GPS system is used to track the location of a person.

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Q.3 What is the importance of nuclear energy for India? Collect information about one or two nuclear power plants in India

Ans:- Nuclear power in India is the fourth-biggest wellspring of power after warm, hydroelectric, and sustainable wellsprings (of power). India has 22 atomic reactors working in 8 atomic force plants. The absolute introduced limit of atomic force in India is 6780 MW.

· India has 22 nuclear reactors working in 8 atomic force plants.
· The all-out introduced limit of atomic force in India is 6780 MW. The atomic force plant of Jaitapur (situated in Maharashtra) is intended to begin as a team with France.
· It is a 9900 MW venture.
· Atomic force plants forestall the arrival of huge amounts of discharges that would be made by copying non-renewable energy sources to create a similar measure of power
· Nuclear energy is the lone enormous scope, sans carbon power source that the nation can generally extend to create a lot of power.

Importance of nuclear energy -

1. Nuclear energy is the ultimate source of energy.

2. Requires less amount of raw materials

3. A little uranium produces a lot of energy.

4. Some are running out of nuclear energy

5. Nuclear waste is easy to dispose of

6. Best solutions for depleting energy sources

★ Nuclear Power Plants in India –

Nuclear Power Plants in India – Operational
Name Of Nuclear Power Station	Location	Operator	Capacity
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station – 1993	Gujarat	NPCIL	440
(Kalpakkam) Madras Atomic Power Station – 1984	Tamil Nadu	NPCIL	440
Narora Atomic Power Station- 1991	Uttar Pradesh	NPCIL	440
Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant -2000	Karnataka	NPCIL	880
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station – 1973	Rajasthan	NPCIL	1,180
Tarapur Atomic Power Station – 1969	Maharashtra	NPCIL	1,400
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant – 2013	Tamil Nadu	NPCIL	2,000

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4. Collect information about cyber threats to national security. Find out the various means used to fight cyber threats.

Ans:-E-crime, or cyber-crime, whether related to theft, hacking or denial of service to essential systems, has become a fact of life. The threat of industrial cyber espionage, in which one company actively attacks another through cyberspace, to obtain high-value information.
· Cyber terrorism presents challenges for the future. We must be prepared for terrorists seeking to take advantage of our growing Internet dependence to attack or disable key systems.
· The CPNI works within the National Cyber Security Center (NCSC), the Cabinet Office and leads government departments and agencies to advance the UK's cyber security program to tackle these threats.
· Cyber threats are a big deal. A cyber-attack can cause electrical blackouts, failure of military equipment, and breach of national security secrets. They can steal valuable, sensitive data like medical records. They can disrupt phone and computer networks or paralyze systems by making data unavailable.
· Ways of Cyber Attack for National Security
· Every country should adopt a cyber-security strategy that avoids costly and cumbersome regulatory approaches. Instead, they should include key elements that create a dynamic cyber security defense. The main components include:
· Organizing strong international cyber security investments. If a country wants to take an active role in fighting espionage and cybercrime, a country needs a comprehensive set of policies. It must enhance and continue coordination and cooperation with its friends and allies. Taking it a step further, it is wrong to convince such nations at the international level that cyberspace should be used for the wrong purpose of changing policies against their own people or other countries.
· They should also respond to aggressive cyber campaigns by other countries with economic and diplomatic measures designed to discourage cyber-aggression. State-rewarded, large-scale cyber-espionage must be deterred by frustrating or aggrandizing bad actors without accepting the price. The response should also include criminal charges and other legal action against those who steal intellectual property and other information, reducing visas for guilty parties and ceasing innocent cooperation. Encourage and allow the development of an effective and legitimate cyber-insurance business.
· Protect the cyber-supply chain. As the components of smartphones, tablets and computers are almost identical and other gadgets are manufactured worldwide, it is important to evaluate supply chain operations, practices and security practices. Perhaps a voluntary organization could be formed that would make its assessment public and grade the technology company's supply chain operations.
· An organization may charge more for its products if it receives a very high grade. A buyer will likely take the opportunity to purchase less secure and less expensive items if he is economically inclined. Consumers will be able to make informed decisions based on risk. Consider a regulated and specified cyber self-defense authority
· An organization does not know what its right of self-defense against hackers really is. What do they do when an organization is attacked? Call the local police or the FBI? Can an organization fight back if attacked?
· No one wants to have vigilance without any parameters or controls. To avoid this, the law should create basic and restrictive rules for self-defense only.
· Expand the push for training, education and real awareness. These massive security awareness efforts should try to end both hype and ignorance. Let people know the truth about cyber threats and provide them with the tools they need to protect their businesses, homes and most importantly, themselves.
· This effort should reach every community in the country at all levels. Regular training should also be conducted in every government organization and organization. Recruit and develop a strong cyber-workforce. Everything we do in the military, business and government can be affected by cyber security. Every nation needs to adjust certification and visa systems and promote science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) so that the gifted and talented can use their skills to advance our security.
· These efforts should update the security clearance process and tap into talent pools among the nation's hacker community, businesses, and military. Any legislation should enable this effort and encourage it in all possible ways.
A word "Cyber Crime" came into Existence. In Short , all crimes committed or resorted by abusing electronic media, internet or otherwise , with the purpose of influence the functionality of computer system are come under "Cyber Crime".

List of Major cyber Crime are : (1) Hacking , (2) Virus Dissemination , (3) Salami Attack , (4) Business Rival's , (5) Ex-GirlsFriend.
Prevention from Cyber Crime:
1) Set a Secret code of your computer System.
2) Avoid Using Unnecessary things
3) Avoid Chatting with unknown person.
4) Don't not transaction on ATM Which is located in a lonely places.
5) Be careful while doing transaction electrically.

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Q.5. Collect pictures of missiles from newspapers and magazines and paste them below along with brief details about them :

India Successfully Test-Fires Agni-3 Ballistic Missile

India on Wednesday successfully carried out the training launch of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, Agni-3, from APJ Abdul Kalam Island, off the Odisha coast, DRDO sources said.

The successful test was part of routine user training launches carried out under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command, an official statement said, adding that the launch was carried out for a predetermined range and validated all operational parameters of the system.

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INS Arihant carries out successful launch of Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile

INS Arihant carried out a successful launch of a Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) on October 14, 2022. The missile was tested to a predetermined range and impacted the target area in the Bay of Bengal with very high accuracy. All operational and technological parameters of the weapon system have been validated.

The successful user training launch of the SLBM by INS Arihant is significant to prove crew competency and validate the SSBN programme, a key element of India’s nuclear deterrence capability. A robust, survivable and assured retaliatory capability is in keeping with India’s policy to have ‘Credible Minimum Deterrence‘ that underpins its ‘No First Use’ commitment.

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Q.6. Collect pictures of satellite from newspapers and magazines and paste them below along with brief details about them :

Ans:- PSLV-C54 successfully places earth observation satellite into orbit

The rocket successfully injected the earth observation satellite (Oceansat) into a sun-synchronous orbit, Indian Space Research Organisation said.
The 44.4 metre tall rocket lifted off at a prefixed time at 11.56 am from Satish Dhawan Space Centre at this spaceport at the end of a 25.30-hour countdown.

ISRO on Saturday successfully conducted the launch of its last Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) mission of the year with the PSLV-C54.

ISRO’s work horse PSLV-C54 has successfully launched EOS-06 satellite along with Eight Nano-satellites into two different SSPOs. The mission was accomplished from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR on 26th November 2022.

EOS-06 is third generation satellite in the Oceansat series, which provides continued services of Oceansat-2 with enhanced payload capability. The satellite onboard carries four important payloads viz. Ocean Color Monitor (OCM-3), Sea Surface Temperature Monitor (SSTM), Ku-Band Scatterometer (SCAT-3), ARGOS. The Oceansat-2 which was a launched during Sept-2009 configured to cover global oceans and provide continuity of ocean colour data with global wind vector and characterization of lower atmosphere and ionosphere. The mission resulted in many research collaborations nationally and internationally on various areas global chlorophyll distribution, Kd 490 distribution, ocean color images, oil spillages, wind vector products.

The EOS-06 is envisaged to observe ocean color data, sea surface temperature and wind vector data to use in Oceanography, climatic and meteorological applications. The satellite also supports value added products such as potential fishing zone using chlorophyll, SST and wind speed and land based geophysical parameters.The Primary satellite (EOS-06) has been separated in Orbit-1. The satellite launch was witnessed by Secretary, MOES Dr. M. Ravichandran and Secretary, DBT Dr. Rajesh Gokhale.

Satellites

In order to fulfil vision and service goals, the Department of space has been developing mainly the satellites for communication, earth observation, scientific, navigation and meteorological purposes.

Communication Satellites

Supports telecommunication, television broadcasting, satellite news gathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operation services.

Earth Observation Satellites

The largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world - thematic series of satellites supporting multitude of applications in the areas of land and water resources; cartography; and ocean & atmosphere

Scientific Spacecraft

Spacecraft for research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics.

Navigation Satellites

Satellites for navigation services to meet the emerging demands of the Civil Aviation requirements and to meet the user requirements of the positioning, navigation and timing based on the independent satellite navigation system.

Experimental Satellites

A host of small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. These experiments include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc..

Small Satellites

Sub 500 kg class satellites - a platform for stand-alone payloads for earth imaging and science missions within a quick turn around time.

Student Satellites

ISRO's Student Satellite programme is envisaged to encourage various Universities and Institutions for the development of Nano/Pico Satellites.

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Chapter 5 Science, Technology and National Security - Std - X